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Article History

Received: 29 May 2025

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 30 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Study 1 : The data used in this study came from the VICAN5 survey, whose methodology has been approved by two national ethics committees (the CCTIRS – Comité Consultatif sur le Traitement de l’Information en Matière de Recherche dans le Domaine de la Santé , study registered under no 11–143) and the ISP committee (Institute of Public Health, study registered under no C11-63), and by a data protection committee (CNIL – French Commission on Individual Data Protection and Public Liberties, study registered under no 911290). This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the aims of the study and informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Study 2 : According to French legislation, no ethics approval was needed because this was not medical research involving human participants and did not include the treatment of sensitive data (Jardé Law - No. 2012-300 of March 5, 2012, implemented in November 2016 - Article R1121-1: research carried out exclusively from the exploitation of processing of personal data is outside the scope of RIPH – Research involving the human person). This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the aims of the study and informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.