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Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 20 April 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of Macau Millennium College (Approval No. MMCIRB-2024-002). Informed consent was obtained from all participants after they were fully briefed on the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. All responses were collected anonymously and treated with strict confidentiality. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. The survey instrument was designed to minimize psychological discomfort, and all data were used exclusively for research purposes and stored securely in compliance with data protection standards.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.