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Article History

Received: 26 January 2026

Accepted: 22 April 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was reviewed by The Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, which determined that the study qualifies for exemption from formal ethical approval. This determination was based on the study's nature as a low-risk, anonymous online survey involving adult participants (aged 18 years and older). The research did not involve the collection of personally identifiable information, invasive procedures, or any foreseeable risks to participants beyond those encountered in everyday life. All participants provided informed consent electronically prior to commencing the survey. All participants provided informed consent online. This study was administered via an electronic questionnaire. The first page of the questionnaire clearly stated that participation is voluntary, all responses are anonymous, data is used solely for academic purposes, and participants may withdraw anytime without adverse consequences. Only participants aged 18 years or older could initiate the questionnaire after selecting “Agree”.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.