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Emotional and spiritual intelligence among Afghan students in Indian higher education: a cross-sectional study of gender differences and demographic correlates

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04888-6

Published Online: 2026-06-02

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Mirkhil, Farhad https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6509-4334
Biswal, Ashutosh
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-06-02

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-06-02
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Article History

Received: 15 April 2026

Accepted: 25 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee for Human Research (IECHR) of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (Approval No. IECHR/FEP/PhD/2025/03) on 15 March 2025. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and all relevant institutional guidelines. All participants received written information outlining the study's objectives, the voluntary nature of participation, the right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and assurances of confidentiality. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection. Data were not collected from individuals who did not provide written informed consent.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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