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Authors
Ge, Xiuguo
Shen, Xiaoxiang
Xue, Kening
Cai, Dongmeng
Liu, Zhiyuan
Zhao, Xiaoguang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (24BTY039)
Ningbo Public Welfare Science and Technology Project (2025S110)
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Article History
Received: 27 March 2026
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (registration number: IRB00001052-11015) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the initiation of the study. Furthermore, each author confirmed that all procedures adhered to applicable regulations and guidelines.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
