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Authors
Zhang, Hao
Yang, Yanchao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0672-9727
Zhang, Ying
Qiu, Baishuang
Yang, Jiongzhao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Teaching Reform Project of the Ministry of Education’s Steering Committee for University Computer Courses (AEJR-202414)
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Article History
Received: 4 February 2026
Accepted: 12 June 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study was reviewed and approved by Qinggong College, North China University of Science and Technology, and the ethical approval number is QGXYLL20250001. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines. An electronic informed consent form was presented on the first page of the questionnaire, outlining the study purpose, data use, anonymity and confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Participants were asked whether they were willing to participate, and only those who selected “Willing to participate” were permitted to proceed. This selection was regarded as confirmation of informed and voluntary consent.
Consent for publication: Not Applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
