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Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 12 June 2026

First Online: 23 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Shandong Normal University’s Ethics Committee (Approval No. 20250305). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and itsd following updates. After being informed about the survey’s aims, all participants gave informed consent and joined the study voluntarily. For adolescents, informed consent was obtained from their parents/legally authorized representatives. Relevant guidelines and regulations carried out all methods.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.