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Article History

Received: 12 March 2026

Accepted: 22 June 2026

First Online: 26 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve the recruitment of human participants or the collection of any new human data. The human reference ratings were obtained exclusively from the publicly available normative dataset of the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS) [28]. As reported in Marchewka et al. [28], ethics approval for the original data collection and informed consent from all human participants were obtained by the original developers of the database.This study does not fall within the scope of research requiring ethics review under the Ethical Guidelines for Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects [44]. This is because the study used only data falling under Chapter 1, Section 3 (1)(c)(i) of the Guidelines—namely, information that is "already of established academic value, widely used for research purposes, and publicly available"—for which the Guidelines do not require ethics review. Accordingly, ethics approval and additional informed consent were not required for the present study.All procedures involving the use of previously collected human data were performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All data sources were used in accordance with their respective licensing terms.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.