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Article History

Received: 3 February 2026

Accepted: 16 July 2026

First Online: 24 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tianjin Normal University Ethics Committee (Code: APB20190313). Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw at any time without penalty. No personally identifiable information was collected, and all data were analyzed in aggregated form to ensure confidentiality and anonymity. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.