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Authors
Shan, Ruzai
Cao, Yunhan
Zhou, Junyao
Ko, Yuhin
Zhou, Xuelian
Qu, Chen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shandong Province Vocational Education Teaching Reform Research Program (2022185)
the Program for National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171019)
Research Center for Brain Cognition and Human Development (2024B0303390003)
the MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences in Universities (22JJD190004)
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 25 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures involving human participants complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China (approval No. SCNU-PSY-2022-247). Prior to data collection, written informed consent was obtained from all students; for participants under 18 years of age, written consent was additionally obtained from a parent or legal guardian. Participation was voluntary, and anonymity and confidentiality were assured.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
