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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Accepted: 24 July 2026

First Online: 31 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chung-Ang University (approval number: 1041078-20250327-HR-081). The requirement for informed consent was waived because the data were obtained from an officially approved government statistical resource protected under Article 33 (Protection of Secrets) of the Statistics Act.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.