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Authors
Zheng, Quan
Cao, Yang
Niu, Bingyu
Hu, Xiangen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (25YJCZH397)
Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (24YJCZH010)
Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program (2025NSFSC2101)
Sichuan Research Center for Sexual Sociology and Sex Education (SXJYB2402)
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Article History
Received: 6 April 2026
Accepted: 27 August 2026
First Online: 1 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines for research with human participants. It was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Central China Normal University (No. CCNU-IRB-202210010b). The approval covered research design and methods, participant recruitment, human-subjects risks and protections, and privacy and confidentiality provisions. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before participation. Participants were presented with a digital consent form describing the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, data-confidentiality protections, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and were required to confirm their understanding and agreement before proceeding. No vulnerable populations were involved, and all data were anonymized to ensure confidentiality.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
