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Article History

Received: 21 May 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2026

First Online: 10 November 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The data for this study originated from the major project of the Chinese National Social Science Foundation (Project Number: 79171707) led by Professor Ma Deyong. This project was initiated in 2012. The current study utilized data collected in December 2020 for analysis, which was a secondary analysis based on the existing anonymous dataset of the aforementioned project. During the project implementation period, China’s ethical review framework for social science research was still under development, and no mandatory institutional ethics approval process was required for survey-based studies of this nature. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards stipulated in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its subsequent amendments or similar ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from the participants before the investigation.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.​