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Authors
Hajihosseini, Sajjad
Kurd, Dorsa Moharerzadeh
Nouroozi, Fatemeh
Haghighi, Shayesteh
Dini, Naeemeh
Ghobadi, Yeganeh
Tehrani, Negin
Shahrokhi, Mehregan
Belbasi, Mohaddeseh
Alizadeh, Haleh
salimi, Omid
Hadimaleki, Sepideh
Yarahmadi, Danyal https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4509-2447
Deravi, Niloofar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-6927
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 22 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study used data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a publicly available longitudinal dataset by the University of Michigan. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The original HRS protocol and all data collection procedures involving human participants were approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board (IRB). Informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of enrollment in the HRS. Since this study involved secondary analysis of fully anonymized, publicly available data, no additional ethical approval was required for the current analysis.
: The authors declare no conflict of interest for the publication of this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
