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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The experimental protocols were established following the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Iran, (IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1399.106). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-oxidative effect of probiotics in nickel-induced oxidative stress in the lung. The participation of authors in this study is entirely voluntary. All information collected during this study will be kept confidential. Our data will be used solely for the research purposes outlined and will be reported in aggregate form.

: All authors have actively contributed to the manuscript as detailed above and hereby consent to its submission and publication. They acknowledge that upon publication, their contributions will be accessible to the public and affirm that this work is original, free from any copyright infringements. Additionally, if applicable, the authors confirm that consent has been obtained from all participants whose data is included in this study for the purpose of publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.