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Authors
Wang, Ling
Qin, Yuning
Fan, Wenbin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. KJQN202315143)
the First-Class Undergraduate Course Development Program of Chongqing Municipal Colleges–Proctology in Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Grant No. YJGH [2024] No. 3-131)
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was not required for this study as it solely involved the analysis of data sourced from publicly accessible databases. No direct involvement with human subjects or collection of new personal information took place. The datasets used were previously gathered under appropriate ethical standards by the original data custodians.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
