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Article History

Received: 20 June 2025

Accepted: 24 December 2025

First Online: 24 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: REL/DG report grants from Cancer Research UK (CRUK) and the UK Medical Research Council (MRC), during the conduct of the study; and REL personal fees from Aspirin Foundation, outside of the submitted work. NC is supported by research funds GU Cancer Research, Christie and Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trusts, Prostate Cancer UK and the Prostate Cancer Foundation. SG: SG reports personal fees from Tolremo, Ipsen, and Avalere Health; and speakers fees and travel support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Intellisphere LLC, Gilead, Silvio Grasso Consulting, WebMD-Medscape, Peer Voice, European Society for Medical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, Deutschsprachingen Europäischen Schule für Onkologie (DESO), AdMeTech Foundation, EPG Health, Meister Concept GmbH, and Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK); advisory or leadership roles at Telixpharma, Novartis, Modra Pharmaceuticals, Orion, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Myriad Genetic, Amgen, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Innomedica, Macrogenics, Astells, and Pfizer; and co-inventor on patent application (WO 2009138392 A1) for “a method for biomarker discovery” (granted in China, Europe, Japan, and USA) outside the submitted work. NDJ: reports having received direct support from the Institute of Cancer Research and having received research grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Janssen, Astellas and Novartis; personal fees from Bayer, Clovis, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi; and advisory roles for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Clovis, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi, and Gilead, and for AAA Accelerator Systems as part of the VISION trial Independent Data Monitoring Committee, outside the submitted work. MKBP: reports educational grants and non-financial support to the Clinical Trials Unit from Novartis, Pfizer, ROCHE, ROCHE Products, Sanofi, Serum Institute of India, Shionogi, SUMVAX, Synteny Biotechnology, Takeda, Tibotec, Transgene, ViiV Healthcare, Virco Xenothera, CSL Behring, Eli-Lilly, Emergent Biosolutions, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Grifols, ICON, Janssen Products LP, Janssen-Cilag, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Merck Serono, Micronoma, Modus Theraputics, MSD, Mylan, Abcodia Pvt Ltd, Advanced Accelerator – Applications International SA, Akagera, Amgen, Aspirin Foundation, Astellas, AstraZeneca, AoA, Baxter, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb US, Brii Biosciences, B&C Group, Cepheid, Cipla, and Clovis, outside the submitted work. LMu: reports having received grants from Cancer Research UK, and from Janssen, Astellas, Novartis, Sanofi, and Clovis as part of the wider STAMPEDE trial for the duration of this study.