Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 January 2026

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Informed consent for the collection of research samples and protocols were approved by the clinical research ethics committee of Hospital Puerta de Hierro (ref. 20.16, ref. 05.19, ref. 15.20) in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines on Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

: All authors have agreed to publish this manuscript.

: VC reports consulting fees from Roche, Astra Zeneca, MSD, BMS, Takeda, Sanofi, Amgen, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen; honoraria for lectures from Roche, Astra Zeneca, MSD, BMS, Takeda, Sanofi, Amgen, Pfizer, Janssen and Beigene; and support for attending meetings from Astra Zeneca, Roche, MSD, Takeda and Janssen. AC-L declares Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations or speakers bureaus from Astra Zeneca and Janssen; Support for attending meetings and/or travel from MSD and Takeda. PD-T declares Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations or speakers bureaus from BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB, Astra-Zeneca, Roche, MSD, Takeda, Pfizer and Amgen; sup- port for attending meetings and/or travel from BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB, Roche, MSD and Takeda; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB, Astra-Zeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim; and other financial or non- financial interests from Astra-Zeneca, Roche, Mirati, and Pfizer. JLG-L reports grants from MSD Oncology, Astra Zeneca, Roche, Pfizer. Consulting fees: MSD Oncology, Janssen-Cilag, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Amgen. Payment or honoraria: MSD Oncology, Astra Zeneca, Roche, Pfizer. Payment for expert testimony: MSD Oncology, Janssen-Cilag, Amgen. Support for attending meetings and/or travel: MSD Oncology, Takeda, Pfizer. Advisory Board: Pfizer, Takeda. AS-H declares Payment or honoraria for lec- tures, presentations or speakers bureaus from Roche, Lilly, MSD, Sanofi, Astra Zeneca, Janssen, Takeda, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Bristol- Myers Squibb; Support for attending meetings and/or travel from Roche, Sanofi, MSD Takeda, Janssen, Pfizer, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. AE declares Payment or honoraria for lectures, pre- sentations or speakers bureaus from MSD, Pharmamar, Astra Zeneca, Takeda, Roche, and GSK; Support for attending meetings and/or travel from MSD, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Pharmamar; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Roche and MSD. EN reports research grants from Roche, Pfizer, BMS and Merck Serono; consulting fees from Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp Dohme, Merck-Serono, Sanofi, Pfizer, Lilly, Amgen, Janssen, Daiichi-Sankyo, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Sanofi, Janssen, Pierre Fabre and Qiagen; honoraria for lectures from Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp Dohme, Sanofi, Pfizer, Lilly, Amgen, Janssen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Sanofi, Janssen and Qiagen; support for attending meetings from Takeda, Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca and Roche and advisory board from Apollomics, Roche, Transgene and MSD. RB reports grant from Roche. Payment or honoraria: Roche, BMS, Pfizer, MSD, Amgen, Takeda, AstraZeneca. Advisory board: Takeda, Roche, BMS, AstraZeneca. MP reports grants, consulting fees and non-financial support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, and AstraZeneca; and consulting fees from MSD and Takeda. All other authors declare no competing interests. The rest of authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.