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Article History

Received: 29 April 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

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: This research project adheres to the Declaration and relevant regulatory and ethical requirements. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants in key informant interviews. Clinical trial number: not applicable. The consent ensures that the individuals understand the purpose of the publication and agree to their likeness being used in the submitted work.

: As researchers trained in architecture and design with a shared interest in spatial psychology and contemplative practices, we recognize that our perspectives have shaped this study’s focus on the emotional and spiritual dimensions of space. To mitigate potential biases, we incorporated diverse voices through interviews and participatory workshops and employed triangulation and reflexive journaling throughout the process. Our aim was to critically examine how subjective experiences of space can inform more humane and psychologically supportive architectural practices.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.