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Article History

Received: 15 January 2024

Accepted: 15 July 2024

First Online: 6 August 2024

Declarations

:

: (1) Caribou captures and tracking (2014–2019) involved net-gunning according to procedures outlined in Animal Use Protocol No. 20130127 of the University of Saskatchewan under auspices of the Canadian Council on Animal Care, and as allowed under Academic Research Permit No. 14FW037 of the Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment. (2) Elk in SW Alberta, Canada, were captured (animal care protocol no. 536-1003 AR University of Alberta) during the winters of 2007–2011 using helicopter net-gunning. (3) Fallow deer study protocol and all research procedures were approved by the UCD Animal Research Ethics Committee for the duration of 10 years (2018–2028), under the permit AREC-E-18-28. (4) Mule deer animal capture and handling protocols were approved by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (Chapter 33–937) and an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Wyoming (20131111KM00040, 20151204KM00135, 20170215KM00260, 20200302MK00411). (5) Pronghorn in South-central Wyoming, USA, were captured, handled, and monitored according to protocols approved by Wyoming Game and Fish Department (Chapter 33–923 Permit) and University of Wyoming Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol 20131028JB00037). (6) Roe deer in Aurignac, France, were captured (prefectural order from the Toulouse Administrative Authority to capture and monitor wild roe deer and Agreement No. A31113001 approved by the Departmental Authority of Population Protection) during the winters of 2005–2012 using drive netting.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interest.