Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 January 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 23 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Huron-Erie Corridor and eastern Lake Erie Populations : At the time the study was conducted, the only federal statute applicable to the use and care of animals in research conducted by the United States Department of Interior agencies was the Animal Welfare Act, which exempted fish. Therefore, sampling and handling of lake sturgeon in the Lake Huron-to-Lake Erie Corridor and eastern Lake Erie was conducted in accordance with Guidelines for the Use of Fish in Research, a joint publication of the American Fisheries Society, the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Green Bay population : The Green Bay lake sturgeon research was conducted under protocols 2014.04.09 and 2016.11.06 approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and all fish were collected under permit number SCP-NOR-335-0513 issued by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. St. Louis River population : Sampling, handling, and tagging of lake sturgeon in this population followed principles described by the American Fisheries Society’s Guidelines for the Use of Fish in Research. Black Sturgeon River population : Tagging for this population was completed under Animal Care Protocol Number 1607, approved by the Great Lakes Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences/Water Science and Technology Directorate (GLLFAS/WSTD) Animal Care Committee in accordance with the Canada Council of Animal Care (CCAC) guidelines. Eastern Lake Superior population : Tagging for this population was completed under Animal Care Protocol numbers 1402, 1507, 1607, approved by the Great Lakes Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences/Water Science and Technology Directorate (GLLFAS/WSTD) Animal Care Committee in accordance with the Canada Council of Animal Care (CCAC) guidelines.