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Authors
Alioto, Nick A. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1337-426X
Finley, Andrew O. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-2912
Robinson, Bryce W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1422-8842
Owen, Jennifer C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-4816
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
TC Energy Foundation (2022080083)
George J. Wallace and Martha C. Wallace Endowed Scholarship
Joseph Laurence Maison Fellowship for Wildlife Conservation
Theodore Roosevelt Conservation and Environmental Leadership Fellowship
Columbus Beach Club
Americana Foundation
Straits Area Audubon Society
Ian and Sally Bund
Mackinac Straits Raptor Watch
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2024
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Declarations
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: All Red-tailed Hawks fit with transmitters was approved under Federal Bird Banding Permit number 20546-H. The handling and use of all animals including lure species was in accordance and approved by Michigan State Universities Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC) under IACUC ID: PROTO20220003.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
