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Article History

Received: 9 July 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 29 December 2025

Declaration

:

: This study involved the capture and handling of wild animals. To ensure the safety and welfare of both the wild animals and the field team, this research project followed already established protocols for large raptors (vultures). The capture protocols were carried out by experienced and trained wildlife veterinarians and biologists to ensure the health and safety of the animals. Personal protective equipment (PPE) was always utilised by the field team as part of the biosecurity protocols to ensure there was no possibility of horizontal disease transmission, between wild animals and people. Finally, all GPS harnesses deployed on vultures followed the established rule of not weighing more than 4% of the bird’s body weight to ensure the bird is healthy post-capture and there are no factors reducing the survival of the bird.

: All authors have approved the manuscript for submission, and the content of the manuscript has not been published, or submitted for publication elsewhere.

: The authors declare no competing interests.