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Authors
Bigal, Eyal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9680-940X
van Rijn, Itai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3617-3099
Livne, Leigh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-2109
Zemah Shamir, Ziv https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3147-3180
Sørensen, Ole Johannes Ringnander https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6504-3261
Alexandri, Talmon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3778-9298
Diamant, Roee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2430-7061
Morick, Danny https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2496-6120
Tchernov, Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1135-8270
Scheinin, Aviad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1154-4604
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Kahn Foundation
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2026
Accepted: 1 September 2026
First Online: 25 September 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval: Formal animal ethics approval was not required for this study. The University of Haifa Institutional Committee for the Care and Use of Animals advised that the field activities fell outside its approval remit, and the Israeli Ministry of Health’s Council for Experiments on Animal Subjects confirmed that the shark-monitoring and tagging activities were not classified as animal experiments requiring a permit under Israeli law. All shark capture, handling, surgical tagging, and release procedures were authorised and overseen by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority under permit numbers 2016/41315, 2017/41714, 2018/42027, 2019–2020/42412, 2021/42699, and 2022/42926.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
