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Article History

Received: 26 July 2024

Accepted: 23 December 2024

First Online: 28 January 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Education at Hirosaki University (author’s previously affiliated university) and the approval number is 0005(2020). The study participants were enrolled in the author’s classes; they were clearly informed in advance that their consent or refusal to provide data had no bearing on their grades. The study purpose, method of data collection, and content were explained to the participants in writing and orally. Only data from participants who provided consent were included in the analysis. Information such as names and student ID numbers were removed from the audio data files so that individuals could not be identified when scoring, and the task content was adjusted so that responses did not contain personal information.

: The author declares that there is no potential conflict of interest.