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Article History

Received: 11 June 2025

Accepted: 26 August 2025

First Online: 16 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Beijing Normal University (Approval No. 2023-0809). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional policies. Written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence.

: This is to state that we give our full permissions for the publication in Language Testing in Asia.

: The authors declare no competing interests.