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Article History

Received: 19 June 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The author declares a potential non-financial conflict of interest concerning the review subject and authorship history. An earlier manuscript, which included the PSLE EL test as one of the several research subjects, was independently conceptualised and drafted by the author. Subsequently, under the informal supervision of a prospective doctoral supervisor, the manuscript underwent a few rounds of division and revision toward a comparative validation format for potential joint publications. The collaboration, however, did not result in publication due to differing expectations regarding cooperation and authorship. The current review is an original and independent reworking of the author’s research focused solely on the PSLE EL test. No conflicts of financial interest were disclosed in this case.