Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 August 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 18 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved minimal-risk educational research using anonymized student data from Civil Aviation College. No institutional ethics committee/IRB exists at the author’ institution; therefore, formal ethics approval was not applicable, and the study was conducted with permission from the Director of Ground Instruction at the Civil Aviation College. The research complied with relevant institutional policies and the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments insofar as it is applicable to non-clinical educational research. All participants were informed about the potential research use of their test data and provided freely given informed consent prior to data use; consent was obtained verbally. All data were anonymized before analysis.The relevant declaration is included in the ‘Ethics approval and consent to participate’ subsection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.