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Article History

Received: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The editorial board of TESL Quarterly (formerly known as Journal of Teaching Language Skills), appointed by the department of foreign languages and linguistics at Shiraz University, have internally reviewed the manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.