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Authors
Goli, Alexis
Maluleke-Dube, Nkhensani
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Toyo University
University of Pretoria
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Article History
Received: 22 November 2025
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 14 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study did not require separate institutional ethics approval, as all data were from publicly available, anonymized sources. Conversational data were drawn from the ELFJ Corpus (JSPS KAKENHI Grant JP18K00753), which received prior ethical approval with written participant consent. Phase 2 analyzed publicly available Cambridge English assessment documents. All data accessed in accordance with established ethical protocols for secondary linguistic corpus research.
: Not applicable. No individual participant data or identifiable information is presented in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
