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Article History

Received: 12 December 2024

Accepted: 13 April 2025

First Online: 3 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The patients gave their written informed consent for the use of their tissue samples and associated clinical data for research purposes. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (study number: 5717).

: SSM, YR, IH, LM, JF, SS, JM, KK, HW, GR, KHP, BB declare no conflict of interest. VM: research support from Novartis, Roche, Seagen, Genentech, Astra Zeneca and honoraria for lectures from Astra Zeneca, arsTempi, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Pfizer, MSD, Medac, Novartis, Roche, Seagen, Onkowissen, high5 Oncology, Lilly, Medscape, Gilead, Pierre Fabre, iMED Institute as well as consultancy honoraria from Roche, Pierre Fabre, PINK, ClinSol, Novartis, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Lilly, Seagen, Gilead, Stemline. AB: research support from Daiichi Sankyo, Roche and honoraria for lectures, consultation or advisory board participation from Roche Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, CeCaVa, Seagen, Alexion, Servier as well as travel support from Roche, Amgen and AbbVie. TF: received honoraria from Onkowissen, FOMF, Medconcept and travel support from Roche. DS: has offered consultation to Philogen, lnFlarX, Neracare, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Replimune, SunPharma, Daiichi Sanyo, Astra Zeneca, IQVIA, LabCorp, UltimoVacs, Seagen, Immunocore, Immatics, BioNTech, PamGene, BioAlta, Regeneron, Agenus, Erasca, Formycon, NoviGenix, CureVac, and Sanofi and has received research grants from Amgen, BMS, MSD, and Pfizer.

: Not applicable.