Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The studies involving human tear fluid samples were approved by the local ethic committee of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Von Siebold-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, No. 11/11/93 (prion diseases). Control TF samples were obtained through other observational studies that were also approved by the local ethics committee, University Medical Center Goettingen (No. 11/11/93; No. 13/11/12; No.10/8/18) and Munich (No. 9/15; No. 2023–170-S-NP). TF samples from HMC were collected under approval of the Basque Ethics Committee for research (CEIm-E, study No. PI2018195).

: All authors had seen the manuscript and agreed to publication.

: H.E. is employed by the commercial company ATLAS Molecular Pharma SL. This does not alter our adherence to the Journal’s policies on sharing data and materials and did not influence in any way the work reported in this manuscript, given that the company had no role in study design, funding, and data analysis. The rest of the authors declare that there are no other financial disclosures or any other conflicts of interest.