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Article History

Received: 23 April 2026

Accepted: 14 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures involving human and animal material were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and national ethical guidelines. Human postmortem tissues were obtained at autopsy at Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD, USA) following informed consent from parents or patients’ legal representatives and in strict compliance with applicable legal and institutional regulations. All animal experiments were conducted in compliance with institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. Procedures performed at Leipzig University (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany) adhered to European legislation (Council Directive 86/609/EEC) and the German Animal Welfare Act (Tierschutzgesetz), and were approved by the competent regional authority (Landesdirektion Leipzig, Saxony). Experiments carried out at Columbia University (New York, NY, USA) were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Columbia University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors report no competing interests.