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Authors
Steinmann, Isa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-4413
Olsen, Rolf Vegar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-4083
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Centre for Educational Measurement at the University of Oslo (Gustafsson, Skrondal Visiting Scholarship)
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Article History
Received: 7 December 2021
Accepted: 22 March 2022
First Online: 5 April 2022
Declarations
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: Not applicable since the study used anonymized data that was collected by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). The IEA assured that all guidelines regarding ethics and data protection were followed.
: The authors consent to the publication of the manuscript in <i>Large-scale Assessments in Education.</i>
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
