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Authors
Courtney, Matthew http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-8353
Karakus, Mehmet http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3628-9809
Ersozlu, Zara http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9120-2921
Nurumov, Kaidar
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2021
Accepted: 21 July 2022
First Online: 2 August 2022
Declarations
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: All data was taken from the PISA 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018 cycles. Therefore, it was assumed that ethical approval was gained by the OECD for all participants.
: All contributing authors give consent for this paper to be published pending acceptance.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
