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Article History

Received: 3 December 2022

Accepted: 18 March 2024

First Online: 12 April 2024

Declarations

:

: This research discharges its duty imposed by the European Economic Area (EEA)’s general data protection regulation (GDPR) by following Norwegian Centre for Research Data (NSD)’s notification. The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) data provided by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) contains only aggregated and de-personalized datasets with no possibility of back-tracing to any particular participant. Resultantly, no identifiable personal data were collected or used at any stage of this research.

: We, Jiyoun Kim, Chia-Wen Chen, and Yi-Jhen Wu give our consent for the publication of identifiable details, which can include photograph(s) and/or videos and/or case history and/or details within the text (“Material”) to be published in the Large-scale Assessments in Education. We confirm that we have seen and been given the opportunity to read both the Material and the Article to be published by Large-scale Assessments in Education. We understand that Large-scale Assessments in Education may be available in both print and on the internet, and will be available to a broader audience through marketing channels and other third parties. Therefore, anyone can read material published in the Journal. I understand that readers may include not only educational assessment professionals and scholarly researchers but also journalists and general members of the public.

: The authors declared no potential conflicts of financial interest or non-financial interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.