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Authors
Karakus, Mehmet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3628-9809
Tlessov, Alisher https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5142-7373
Hajar, Anas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7513-9689
Courtney, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-8353
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2024
Accepted: 21 October 2024
First Online: 4 December 2024
Declarations
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: All data was taken from the PISA 2022 cycle. Therefore, it was assumed that ethical approval was gained by the OECD for all participants.
: All contributing authors give consent for this paper to be published pending acceptance.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
