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From framework to functionality: A cross-country analysis of PISA 2018 reading assessment framework’s item features as determinants of item difficulty

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-025-00261-y

Published Online: 2025-08-09

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Marcq, Kseniia

Braeken, Johan
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

the Research Council of Norway, Centres of Excellence scheme (331640)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-08-09

Version of Record valid from 2025-08-09
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Article History

Received: 2 December 2024

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 9 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no Conflict of interest.

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