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Authors
Jewsbury, Paul A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-4623
Johnson, Matthew S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Center for Education Statistics (91990019C0045)
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Article History
Received: 5 June 2024
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 10 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study used anonymized existing data previously collected by NAEP.
: NCES read and approved the manuscript for publication.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
