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Student achievement and self-confidence in mathematics and science: evidence from TIMSS 2023

Published Online: 2026-07-25

Authors

Rutkowski, David

Rutkowski, Leslie

Hastedt, Dirk
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-07-25

Version of Record valid from 2026-07-25
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Article History

Received: 27 February 2025

Accepted: 22 June 2026

First Online: 25 July 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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