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Authors
Zhang, Kun
Wang, Yetong
Bhatti, Uzair Aslam
Zhou, Yu
Jin, Ming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund (ZDYF2024GXJS034)
Hainan Engineering Research Center for Virtual Reality Technology and Systems (Qiong fa Gai gao ji [2023] 818)
Hainan Engineering Research Center for Smart Education Technology (Qiong fa Gai gao ji [2023] 818)
the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province (YSPTZX202036)
the Sanya Science and Technology Special Fund (2022KJCX30)
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 7 September 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: The research paper has received ethical approval from the institutional review board, ensuring the protection of participants’ rights and compliance with the relevant ethical guidelines.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
