Large language models in NLP: evolution, architectural trends, and open challenges
Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-026-01429-1
Published Online: 2026-04-21
Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy
Javed, Haseeb
Shah, Babar
Ali, Farman
Kwak, Daehan
Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-21
Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-04-21
Article History
Received: 5 June 2025
Accepted: 29 March 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.