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Article History

Received: 23 August 2023

Accepted: 8 November 2023

First Online: 20 November 2023

Declarations

:

: The database has been conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (528/18 from 22nd Dec 2016). The inclusion criteria were age over 18 years and an expected ICU stay > 24 h, while the exclusion criterion was readmission to the intensive care unit.

: The data of critically ill patients were collected after obtaining written informed consent from them or their legal representative, in accordance with German law.

: SJS received grants and non-financial support from Reactive Robotics GmbH (Munich, Germany), ASP GmbH (Attendorn, Germany), STIMIT AG (Biel, Switzerland), ESICM (Geneva, Switzerland), grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH (Bad Homburg, Germany), grants from the Innovationsfond of The Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), personal fees from Springer Verlag GmbH (Vienna, Austria) for educational purposes and Advanz Pharma GmbH (Bielefeld, Germany), non-financial support from national and international societies (and their congress organisers) in the field of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Schaller holds stocks in small amounts from Alphabet Inc., Bayer AG, and Siemens AG; these holdings have not affected any decisions regarding his research or this study.