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Authors
Ding, Xiao-Yan
Xu, Hai-Ping
Zhang, Jing-Ru
Chen, Han
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Startup Fund for Scientific Research, Fujian Medical University (2021QH1290)
Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen Municipality (2023J05250)
Fuzhou Science and Technology Project (2024-S-003)
Youth Top Talent Project of Fujian Provincial Foal Eagle Program
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 3 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized data from two databases: (1) the eICU Collaborative Research Database, which is exempt from institutional review board approval due to the retrospective design, lack of direct patient intervention, and the security schema, for which the re-identification risk was certified as meeting safe harbor standards by an independent privacy expert (Privacert, Cambridge, MA) (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Certification no. 1031219–2); and (2) the SICdb, which is fully approved by the local ethical commission of the Land Salzburg, Austria (EK Nr: 1115/2021).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
