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Authors
Ren, Bingkui
Zhou, Gang
Xue, Haiyan
Chen, Siying
Zhang, Yuping
Wang, Guangjie
Zhu, Fengxue
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
This study was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 7254441)
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 25 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Access to the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), respectively. This research utilized de-identified, publicly available data from the MIMIC-IV repository; therefore, the requirement for ethical review and written informed consent was formally waived by the overseeing ethics committees.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
