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Authors
Zhao, Lina
Cui, Qian
Liu, Jie
Dong, Shuoyan
Zong, Lei
Yang, Fei
Shi, Hui
Wang, Yunying
Zhao, Xiaoli
Li, Haibo
Fang, Yipeng
Gao, Ying
Pei, Hanjun
Su, Fuhong
Zhang, Haibo
De Backer, Daniel
Li, Yun
Xie, Keliang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82302413)
Joint Funds of the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No. 25JCLMJC00350)
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Article History
Received: 5 May 2026
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (Approval No. IRB2025-YX-496-01), The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College (K007-01), and Chifeng Municipal Hospital (Approval No.CK20251205), and conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. A waiver of informed consent was granted for retrospective data analysis. The MIMIC-IV v2.2 was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre (2001-P001699/14) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (No. 0403000206).
: Not applicable (no individual personal data or images requiring consent for publication).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
