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Authors
Ghiglieri, Cara G.
Connolly, Bronwen A.
Murphy, Darren
McAuley, Daniel F.
O’Neill, Brenda M.
Bradley, Judy M.
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Snell, Jane
O’Kane, Sinead
Weblin, Jonathan
McFarland, Denise
Hedley, Jane
Tantam, Kate
Varga, Sarah
Donnison, Catherine
Davies, Jennifer
Coetzee, Samantha
Champman, Keeleigh
Arnold, Amy
Hayter, Hannah
Gonzales, Isabel
North, Julie
Phull, Mandeep
Morino, Eriko
Paripoorani, Deborah
Doble, Patricia
Martin-Lazaro, Juan
Tai, Charlotte
Wood, Ruth
Hodgkiss, Tracey
Birchall, Kathryn
Hirst, Eva
Skinner, Denise
Adeniji, Kayode
Trues, Estefania
Graham, Cheryl
Compton, Francesca
Truman, Nicholas
McDonnell, Lynn
Jeyakumar, Karthhika
Gibson, Bethan
Law, Daniel
Waite, Alicia
Chadwick, Rebecca
Hansen, Daniel
Howard, Elizabeth
Howe, Sarah
Van Willigen, Zoe
Duggleby, Philip
Rostron, Anthony
Hagan, Samantha
McWilliams, David
Thomas, Joanna
Abdelaty, Ahmed
Page, Valerie
Geer, Kirstin
Wilson, Suzahn
Udberg, Martin
Pratley, Anezka
Charnock, Amy
Ward, Luke
Knights, Ellen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) under its NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme (132871)
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Article History
Received: 26 May 2026
Accepted: 4 July 2026
First Online: 26 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the London - Central Research Ethics Committee (Ref. 22/LO/0314; 11 May 2022). Consent to participate was obtained from all participants.
Consent for publication: Consent was obtained from all participants.
Competing interests: All authors received funding paid to their institutions from the National Institute for Health and Care Research to support the conduct of the study. JB has received funding to her institution for studies outside of this submitted work from the National Institute of Health and Care Research, Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, Northern Ireland Health and Social Care Research and Development Office, DFM has received funding to his institution for studies outside of this submitted work from the National Institute of Health and Care Research, Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, Innovate-UK, Northern Ireland Health and Social Care Research and Development Office, Novavax and Randox. DFM has a patent application issued to his institution. Outside of the submitted work DFM has received fees for consultancy from Bayer, Aptarion, Direct Biologics, Aviceda, Healios, Novartis and MSD. DFM has previously been MRC/NIHR Director for the EME Programme and is currently NIHR Scientific Director for Programmes.
