Zhao, Xiaojun
Wang, Bo-yang
Diao, Shi-tong
Wang, Yangyanqiu
Cao, Mao-mao
Chen, Yan
Zhu, Tian-yuan
Liufu, Rong
Li, Shan
Wang, Chun-yao
Han, Wen-ying
Jiang, Wei
Du, Bin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6237-2895
Weng, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0403-0752
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2026
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 13 July 2026
Declarations
:
: This retrospective study utilized de-identified data from publicly available databases (MIMIC‑IV and eICU–CRD). The Institutional Review Board of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (IRB approval number: I-26ZM0052) reviewed the protocol and determined that the project did not constitute human subjects research, as it involved only retrospective analysis of de-identified pre-existing data. Therefore, the requirement for informed consent was waived. The study was conducted in accordance with the ICMJE recommendations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.