Funding for this research was provided by:
The Shintaro Akatsu Young Scientist Incentive Program of the St. Luke’s Health Science Research Fund
Article History
Received: 5 June 2026
Accepted: 28 July 2026
First Online: 1 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of St. Luke’s International University (approval notification date: June 11, 2025; reference number: 25-R043). Owing to the retrospective observational design and the use of de-identified registry data, the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the ethics committee. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Hiromu Okano is an Editorial Board member of Journal of Intensive Care. He was not involved in the editorial handling or peer review of this manuscript. The other authors declare no competing interests.