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Article History

Received: 21 September 2018

Accepted: 7 January 2019

First Online: 12 February 2019

Authors’ information

: Cheyeon Ha is a doctoral student in Educational Psychology and Learning System, Florida State University. Her current research interests include teachers’ efficacy, teachers’ training programs, and effective teaching and learning.Sooyoung Lee is an Associate Professor in the Department of Elementary Education at the Seoul National University of Education. Her current research interests include effective multimedia use in classrooms, smart learning issues in elementary education, and the development of teachers’ training programs.

: The study was conducted on Korean teachers. By the national education research policy of South Korea, the ethics committee’s approval process were waived. All participants in the study were adults, they were guided about the purpose of the study before the start of the questionnaire. The In the study, data were analyzed only the with participants consents on data collections.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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